Summary: For most of human history—and like nearly all other mammals—our sleep was naturally multiphasic, woven into the rhythms of day and night through naps, segmented night sleep, and periods of quiet wakefulness. This pattern supported our well-being, attention, and connection to the world around us. But during the late Age of Separation, sleep was compressed into a single night-time block to fit the demands of industrial productivity, and any deviation from this was pathologized as a disorder. In truth, it was the system that was out of alignment. Reclaiming our natural sleep rhythms—through naps, flexibility, and rest integrated into daily life—is part of a broader return to cyclical, life-honoring ways of being.
This is an article in the Long Journey Home project – a collection of writings from centuries in the future, at a time when humanity has gone through a great crisis and found a more life-centered way of life. It’s meant to inspire and encourage further exploration. See the index for the chapters and articles.
The articles are written by AI with prompts from me. I usually start with an outline, refine it, and then ask for the final article.
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Resting Like Mammals: Rediscovering Our Natural Sleep Rhythms
By Éloïse Marentel
A Culture That Forgot How to Rest
There was a time, not long ago in the great span of human existence, when rest was structured like a straight line. You were to lie down at night and sleep—ideally for eight hours without interruption. During the day, you were expected to remain alert, active, and above all, productive. To be tired at noon was weakness. To doze in the afternoon was laziness.
It was a cultural invention so pervasive it appeared natural. And yet, for nearly the entirety of our existence, human beings—like other mammals—slept in intervals, moving through cycles of waking and resting that reflected the shifting rhythms of the sun, the seasons, and the inner tides of the body. We slept not just at night, but often in two or more stretches. We napped. We woke in the dark to tend to a fire, to dream, to talk, to make love, to be still.
This wasn’t a flaw in biology. It was biology. What changed was the civilization around it.
Sleep in the Animal World: A Multiphasic Tapestry
Look to the animal world and a different picture of rest emerges. Nearly all mammals are multiphasic sleepers. Lions doze throughout the day and night, alert and at ease. Elephants rest in short, irregular naps, often while standing. Even our primate cousins—chimpanzees, bonobos, lemurs—sleep in cycles, many of them napping during the day and resting intermittently at night.
These sleep patterns are adaptive. They allow for vigilance, safety, thermoregulation, and energy conservation. They emerge from a dance with the environment: the heat of the afternoon, the sounds of night predators, the need for feeding and movement. Mammals, including humans, evolved to rest in a world full of changing signals—not in a vacuum sealed from light and sound, or in a schedule dictated by productivity charts.
Our tendency toward multiphasic sleep is not an aberration. It is an echo of our place in the animal kingdom.
The Human Inheritance of Segmented Sleep
Before the mechanical clock, before the electric bulb, before labor was measured in hours sold—humans slept differently. Across many cultures and time periods, there are records of what historians have called “segmented sleep”: two distinct phases of night rest with a waking period in between. In early agrarian Europe, people referred to “first sleep” and “second sleep,” with a quiet period around midnight for reflection, prayer, companionship, or solitude.
In warmer climates, midday rest was woven into the pattern of life. In the Mediterranean, siestas were integral to the day’s rhythm, not exceptions to it. In equatorial regions, where the heat of the day made work difficult, people sought the shade and closed their eyes. In Indigenous cultures, where human time followed ecological time, sleep was fluid and communal. Children napped when tired. Adults dozed by the fire. Elders rose early or stayed up late, guarding, telling stories, keeping the continuity of dreams.
Sleep was part of the social fabric—interpersonal, ecological, and spiritual. And critically, it was flexible.
The Compression of Sleep and the Rise of the Workday
The reordering of sleep came with the reordering of society. The clock tower, the factory bell, the school schedule: each was a drumbeat that organized life around productivity and control.
Sleep was squeezed into a nightly block not because it served the body, but because it served the economy. The goal was to maximize output during daylight and reduce the “inefficiency” of rest. Artificial lighting extended the day. Alarm clocks ended the natural drift into morning. And cultural values hardened: early risers were virtuous; midday rest was indulgent; fatigue was a failing.
This shift in sleep mirrored a larger pattern of separation—of mind from body, society from nature, work from rest. It reshaped not just when we slept, but how we understood ourselves.
Misdiagnosing the Sleeper
By the late Age of Separation, the dominant medical and psychological frameworks noticed something was wrong. People couldn’t sleep through the night. Others woke feeling exhausted. Some grew drowsy in the afternoon. Many developed what came to be called “insomnia,” “sleep maintenance disorders,” or “hypersomnia.”
But were these really disorders of the sleeper? Or symptoms of a civilization at odds with its biological foundation?
The body, when allowed, continued to speak the language of multiphasic rest. But the culture had stopped listening. Instead, it medicated. Sleeping pills and stimulants became standard. Schoolchildren were reprimanded for nodding off. Workers were expected to override tiredness with caffeine and willpower. And those who couldn’t adjust were often shamed, diagnosed, or marginalized.
The dysfunction wasn’t in the human being. It was in the system that treated fatigue as an obstacle instead of a messenger.
Relearning the Language of Sleep
The return began slowly. Some rediscovered the joy of naps during illness or travel. Others noticed the clarity that followed a short rest. Sleep science gradually confirmed what ancient cultures had long known: naps enhance memory, boost creativity, regulate emotion, and improve metabolic function. Biphasic and polyphasic sleep patterns were not only viable—they were often optimal.
Communities began to build rest into the fabric of life. Workplaces shifted to allow for siestas or quiet hours. Schools adapted to circadian rhythms. Homes included nap spaces, not just beds. Sleep became part of a larger reweaving of human rhythms with the living world. It was no longer confined to a dark, silent room at the edge of the day. It was welcomed in.
To nap was no longer to escape. It was to belong.
Beyond Sleep: Rhythm as a Template for Wholeness
Sleep is not an isolated behavior. It is a pattern that reflects the whole. The same culture that compressed rest compressed the seasons, the breath, the menstrual cycle, the creative wave. Reclaiming natural sleep rhythms became a gateway to reclaiming all rhythms—of digestion, attention, emotion, and connection.
The return of multiphasic sleep was part of a wider rebalancing: from linearity to cycles, from extraction to regeneration, from the mechanized to the ecological. It wasn’t about abandoning structure, but about making space for the living patterns that had always been there, just below the surface.
Rhythm, once rediscovered, became a foundation for everything.
A World That Knows How to Pause
In the end, sleep returned not as a duty or indulgence, but as a form of care. It was a way of listening—to the body, to the moment, to the Earth’s quiet turning. In communities across the world, people once again lay down when tired and woke when refreshed. They embraced the waking at midnight, the dream drifting through the afternoon, the slow exhale into rest.
A world that knows how to pause is a world that remembers what it means to be alive.
Let us sleep as mammals once more—not in shame or scarcity, but in rhythm.
Éloïse Marentel is a writer and rest ecologist exploring the deep patterns of human and more-than-human life. She lives in the lavender hills of the old Rhône watershed, where she naps often and is nourished by dreams.