Summary: Colonialism and fascism, though often treated as separate, were both expressions of the same domination culture—an orientation built on hierarchy, separation, and control. Colonialism projected this logic outward, seizing land, labor, and cultures abroad, while fascism turned it inward, enforcing conformity, purity, and obedience at home. They shared a common toolkit of dehumanization, propaganda, exceptional laws, and carceral control, with methods flowing between the two arenas. Seen from a distance, they are not separate chapters but two faces of the same system, and breaking the cycle required naming their kinship and replacing domination with a partnership ethos grounded in reciprocity, care, and interdependence.
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Colonialism and Fascism: Two Faces of Domination Culture
A pattern clear with distance
Looking back, what once appeared as separate currents in history now reveals itself as a single, powerful tide. Colonialism and fascism were not unrelated forces—one directed outward, the other inward—but two expressions of the same cultural orientation. Both grew from a worldview built on hierarchy, separation, and control. Colonialism projected domination onto distant lands and peoples; fascism turned the same machinery toward a society’s own population. The names, geographies, and rhetoric differed, yet the underlying logic was the same, and from where we stand now, the kinship is unmistakable.
The orientation of domination culture
Domination culture was less an ideology than a default operating system. It assumed the right to decide the worth of peoples and places, to classify and rank life, to treat difference as deficiency, and to measure success by control and extraction. Systemic violence—whether overt, bureaucratic, or slow—was seen as necessary and even virtuous. Its myths varied by place and time—civilizing missions, manifest destiny, racial purity, national renewal—but all legitimized the concentration of power in the hands of a few. In such a system, conquest abroad and repression at home were parallel tools, not contradictions.
Colonialism: the outward face
Colonial projects seized land, reordered economies for extraction, and rewrote laws to favor the metropole’s investors and settlers. Infrastructure was built less to serve the local population than to move resources out. Schools and churches became instruments of assimilation, erasing languages and traditions that might anchor resistance. Pass laws, forced labor, and discriminatory codes reduced human lives to administrative categories. The rhetoric promised uplift and civilization; the reality was control, displacement, and exploitation.
Fascism: the inward face
Fascist regimes reoriented these methods toward their own populations. They declared permanent emergencies, militarized daily life, and exalted a mythic unity rooted in race, nation, or destiny. Pluralism was replaced with enforced conformity; dissent became treason. “Internal enemies” were surveilled, detained, deported, sterilized, or killed. The economy was reorganized to serve state and elite interests, and mass rallies, symbols, and propaganda turned politics into a theater of obedience. Fascism promised renewal through purification, but delivered fear and repression.
A shared toolkit
Both faces of domination culture drew from the same set of instruments:
- Dehumanization to justify exploitation or elimination.
- Propaganda to make simple stories override complex realities.
- Exceptional laws—curfews, emergency decrees, ID systems—that made rights conditional and easily revoked.
- Carceral systems to confine and break those who resisted.
- Knowledge for control—statistics, maps, and ethnographies turned into tools of management and suppression.
Colonial powers imported these methods from one arena to the other. Techniques tested in overseas territories came home in policing, surveillance, and propaganda; authoritarian regimes borrowed the language and logic of empire to target “undesirable” groups within.
When empire came home
History offers repeated examples of imperial methods migrating inward. Colonial policing and counterinsurgency tactics were repurposed for urban neighborhoods. The metaphors of the frontier—pacification, cleansing, improvement—were applied to citizens themselves. Military veterans of colonial campaigns filled domestic security forces. The empire’s periphery became a proving ground for the metropole’s future authoritarianism.
Case windows into the pattern
- Germany: Visions of “living space” in Eastern Europe mirrored colonial settler dreams. Removal, resettlement, and racial hierarchy echoed earlier imperial practice, while genocide drew on methods refined in colonial contexts.
- Italy: Brutal campaigns in North Africa—bombing civilians, using chemical weapons, imposing racial segregation—were direct extensions of the authoritarian order at home.
- Britain and France: Emergency powers and collective punishment honed in overseas colonies shaped counterinsurgency and urban policing in Europe.
- United States: The plantation and reservation systems laid the groundwork for overseas empire in the Philippines and the Caribbean; Jim Crow laws and colonial “civilizing” rhetoric shared a racial hierarchy. In the early 21st century, the country’s second Trump presidency further displayed the inward turn of imperial habits: targeting dissenters and minorities with legal and administrative tools, undermining democratic institutions, normalizing disinformation, militarizing border enforcement, and framing political opponents as existential threats. It was an updated form of the same orientation—using the machinery of the state to enforce conformity and punish those outside the favored identity.
Though shaped by their unique contexts, these examples share the same scaffolding of domination.
Why they didn’t see it then
People in those times often kept colonialism and fascism in separate mental boxes. Colonialism was framed as distant and administrative, even benevolent; fascism as an exceptional fever inside advanced nations. The separation was reinforced by geography, professional specialization, and self-interest—especially among those who benefited from both.
Clarity with distance
From our vantage, the continuity is obvious. The same language—purity, destiny, civilization—appears in both. The same mechanisms—classification, concentration, deportation, extraction—repeat. Both offered the same bargain: security and prosperity for some in exchange for domination of others. They were not separate historical accidents but two expressions of one way of organizing society.
The deeper costs
The damage extended far beyond borders or political systems. Lives were shortened or stripped of dignity, languages and traditions erased, ecosystems degraded, and wealth built on dispossession calcified into institutions that lasted long after the regimes themselves fell. Fear, numbness, and complicity seeped into the collective psyche.
Turning away from the pattern
Breaking the cycle took more than rejecting symbols or leaders. It required deep work on multiple fronts:
- Truth-telling: opening archives, centering the voices of the dominated, reframing history.
- Material repair: returning land, restructuring economies, creating systems of shared stewardship.
- Democratic redesign: distributing decision-making to the scale of communities and ecosystems.
- Demilitarization: ending emergency governance and dismantling surveillance-carceral systems.
- Economic transformation: shifting from extraction to regeneration.
- Cultural renewal: fostering education, media, and art that expanded empathy and complexity.
Choosing a different center
Partnership-based orientations emerged as durable alternatives—pragmatic, grounded in reciprocity, and clear about limits. They drew on traditions that had never abandoned these values, as well as on scientific insight into living systems. Security came to mean the strength of relationships, not the reach of control. Difference became a source of insight, not a threat to unity.
Seeing the link to break the cycle
The lesson is clear: if a society organizes around hierarchy and separation, it will produce both colonialism abroad and authoritarianism at home. Recognizing that connection made it harder for such systems to disguise themselves as protection or progress, and opened the way for building cultures grounded in interdependence, care, and mutual flourishing.
Lamia Ben Youssef is a historian and community mediator from the Maghreb. Her work traces how imperial habits migrate into domestic institutions and how memory projects can interrupt that drift. She helps steward dryland gardens that double as living archives of language, seed, and story.