This is our list of plants that we use for Finca Milagros. These are plants that do well here, near Barichara at ca. 1000 meters elevation in the Andes mountains.
The plants are mostly native to this area unless otherwise indicated. A few are useful non-native and non-invasive plants. (I may add a list of other commonly used plants in the area with comments about each, but that’s for later.)
This reference page is a work in progress, and all the information is provisional and up for revision. It will be updated as we gain more experience and get more information. I will also make a Spanish version in time.
I have included a reference for most of the information. WP means Wikipedia. EIA refers to the Catálogo virtual de flora del Valle de Aburrá from EIA university. IN means iNaturalist. (NaturalistaCO.) EOL is Encyclopedia of Life. KEW is Royal Botanical Garden Kew. And the rest are the initials of people who have generously shared their knowledge with us.
INDEX
General: Apps & Online Resources | Articles | Local Resources | General principles
Tall: Tall Trees
Mid-sized: Medium Trees | Bushes | Vines | Cactus | Thorny Plants
Smaller: Perennial Flowers | Annual Flowers | Succulents
Food Plants: Trees | Small Trees | Vegetables | Root Vegetables | Vines | Succulents | Herbs | Grains
Locations: Erosion Control | Grass | Near House | Pond | Road | Stone Fence
Other: Non-Native Plants | Invasive Plants | Under Consideration | Trees by Category
General
APPS & ONLINE PLANT REFERENCES
NaturalistaCO – website
iNaturalist – plant identification app
Identificación De Plantas Colombianas – Facebook group for identifying plants
Catálogo virtual de flora del Valle de Aburrá – from EIA university
Catálog de la Biodivsersidad Colombia
A few from the Royal Botanical Garden Kew I haven’t checked out yet:
- Bernal, R., G. Galeano, A. Rodríguez, H. Sarmiento y M. Gutiérrez. (2017). Nombres Comunes de las Plantas de Colombia. http://www.biovirtual.unal.edu.co/nombrescomunes
- Bernal, R., Gradstein, S.R., & Celis, M. (eds.). (2020). Catálogo de Plantas y Líquenes de Colombia. v1.1. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Dataset/Checklist. https://doi.org/10.15472/7avdhn
- Bernal, R., S.R. Gradstein & M. Celis (eds.). 2019. Catálogo de plantas y líquenes de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá. http://catalogoplantasdecolombia.unal.edu.co
- GBIF.org (2021). GBIF species matching tool. https://www.gbif.org/tools/species-lookup
- IUCN (2021). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2021-2. https://www.iucnredlist.org
USEFUL AND/OR INTERESTING ARTICLES AND PDFs
Big Picture
Agroecology in Action / Agroecology training manual
What is syntropic farming? A permaculture perspective
How To
Guide to chinampas: How to build a floating garden – for instance, to clean ponds
How to build a swale on a contour
LOCAL AND REGIONAL RESOURCES
Akasha Permaculture Colombia – near San Gil
Fundación Guayacanal – non-profit organization with a focus on Cañon del Chicamocha
GENERAL PRINCIPLES & GUIDELINES
Annuals – mix annuals and perennials so always have something there (JL)
Ants – ants eat new, non-native, and weak plants. They serve a very important role in the ecosystem, cleaning and bringing nutrients into the soil. Native plants have co-evolved with these ants and have a natural protection. Non-native and young plants needs a lot of nourishment to stay as healthy as possible to protect them against ants. Use a LOT of mulch and also goat manure and microbes. (JL) Can also mix wood ashes into the mulch. (CG)
Combinations – plant a mix of plants together. Good ones to add are nopal, aloe, (JL)
Diversity – is a priority. As many different types of (native) plants as possible, at different levels of maturity so can replace each other, and at as many different mature heights as possible. (JL)
Mulch – for mulch, can use just about any organic material. Leaves. Chopped up branches. Compost. Even grass if the roots are dead (place them in the sun to dry out) and it’s free of seeds. The bottleneck is often getting enough organic material for mulch. (JL)
Paths – establish paths so people don’t accidentally step on new plantings. (JL) Also, observe where people naturally walk and establish the paths there (me).
Pond – small by road. Plant fique to hold soil in place close to where rainwater flows into the pond. Cordoncillo. Arro from cuttings. Carbonero. Arbustos. Establish paths so don’t step on plants. Can include some non-native. (JL)
Pond – main. Only use native plants. Aim for diversity. Let it mostly be as is, just add a few plants around the pond to provide shelter for the water and animals, and also some food for animals. Aro, carbonero (native), anturios (native), guamos, mamonsillo, agraz (native). Use papyrus (native) to absorb heavy metals and nitrogen, then remove the plant. Note: Only NATIVE microbes. (Not the Korean variety.)
Planting – (1) Include a mix of seeds in any planting. See what comes up. It will sort itself out, sometimes with the help of a little pruning (JL) (2) When planting trees, etc., include succulents and cacti (ca. 20cm distance from tree). E.g. nopal and agvae. (Mexican nopal near house, native everywhere else.) Guaque. (JL)
Trees – can plant a mix of caroclí, huesos, and ceiba for the largest trees on the land (JL)
Tree pruning – (1) In general, only take out dead or visibily diseased branches. One exception may be mata ratón which can be pruned heavily and will grow back. (JL) (2) Have a pruning schedule to get enough organic matter, for instance prune once a month and rotate zones for pruning. (JL)
Tree planting – (1) In dry and compacted soil, make a big hole (40cm wide x 70cm deep) and fill it with good soil. This will help the tree during the dry season. (2) Include a mix of seeds of a variety of plants – flowers, bushes, trees. These will sort themselves out in time. (3) Place a log (or collection of smaller branches) with ca. 20cm diameter 1/2 way into the soil on two sides of the tree. The wood will help retain moisture. And use a thick layer of mulch with goat manure. Microbes are also good, and need lots of water (watering or ideally rain) to soak into the ground. (JL)
Vegetables – evolved in a climax ecosystem, grown in very fertile forest soil, so they need very good soil and nutrients to stay healthy. Add a LOT of mulch and also include goat manure and microbes. (JL)
Tall Trees
TREES ABOVE 10 METERS
Aro / Trichanthera gigantea (JL)
- Can use around the ponds, very good near ponds (JL)
- Trichanthera gigantea is a species of flowering plant in the acanthus family, Acanthaceae (WP)
- This plant is a shrub or tree growing up to 5 meters tall, though a 15-meter specimen was reported once. It often produces aerial roots. (WP)
- This plant also has many uses for humans. It has uses in human medicine, including as a supplement to increase lactation in nursing mothers. It is used as a living fence and a shade tree (WP)
- FM: received from town March 2023. By ponds, all around large pond, 1.5-2m apart (JL)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichanthera_gigantea
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trichanthera_gigantea

Brasil / brazilwood / Paubrasilia echinata (JL) – non-native
- Good
- Paubrasilia echinata is a species of flowering plant in the legume family, Fabaceae, that is endemic to the Atlantic Forest of Brazil. It is a Brazilian timber tree commonly known as Pernambuco wood or brazilwood and is the national tree of Brazil (WP)
- The brazilwood tree may reach up to 15 metres in height (WP)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paubrasilia
Bucare / Erythrium poeppigiana / anaco (JL)
- large tree, good for main pond (JL)
- Also known as anaco (JL)

Caracolí / Anacardium excelsum / Wild cashew (JL/CG) – native
- Native, very tall, 20-40 meters (JL)
- Plant it away from other big trees (JL)
- It’s role is to be the biggest tree in the forest (JL)
- Good for near the pond (JL)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacardium_excelsum
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anacardium_excelsum
Carbonero / Calliandra pittieri (JL)
- 12 meters
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/549191-Calliandra-pittieri
- https://catalogofloravalleaburra.eia.edu.co/species/32
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calliandra
Caucho (JL)
- Rubber tree, native to here, a type of ficus (JL)
Ceiba barrigona / similar to Ceiba pentandra (JL) ***
- Large native tree, rare
- Ceiba barrigona is the common name for two different trees, we have the one that’s native (JL)
- The one you have is closely related to ceiba pentandra. But I believe it’s a different closely related species (JL)
- Ceiba pentandra is a tropical tree of the order Malvales and the family Malvaceae (previously emplaced in the family Bombacaceae), native to Mexico, Central America and the Caribbean, northern South America, and (as the variety C. pentandra var guineensis) West Africa. A somewhat smaller variety was introduced to South and Southeast Asia, where it is cultivated. (WP)
- Cavanillesia hylogeiton, also known as Ceiba Barrigona, is a species of trees in the family Malvaceae. It is native to Colombia. (WP)
- https://www.weekendsantander.com/blogs/ceibas-barrigonas-en-el-canon-del-chicamocha
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceiba_pentandra
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavanillesia_chicamochae
Ciruela / likely Spondias purpurea (JL)
- Fruit tree with flowers (JL)
- Native to the coast, grows well here (JL)
- 15 meters (EIA)
- Spondias purpura is a species of flowering plant in the cashew family, Anacardiaceae, that is native to tropical regions of the Americas, from Mexico to Brazil (WP)
- Jocote trees have been used by the people of Mexico and Central America (Mesoamerica) for thousands of years, for both food and medicinal uses. The trees are also used to create living fences and to help stop soil erosion. A sap or gum from the tree is used as a glue and the same material is combined with sapote or pineapple to make a treatment for jaundice. (WP)
- The thin skin has a waxy appearance and is edible. The pulp is yellow when ripe and sweet. In the center of the fruit is a large pit, or stone, which is inedible. The flavor of a S. purpurea fruit is said to be similar to a plum, sweet with a bit of an acidic aftertaste. (WP)
- https://catalogoarbolesurbanos.eia.edu.co/species/831
- https://www.uninorte.edu.co/web/ecocampus/ciruelo
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondias_purpurea
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spondias_purpurea
Cuji / Prosopis juliflora (JL)
- Native, very valuable, many of them on this land (CG)
- Grows slowly, 12 meters (WP)
- Prevents grass from growing under the crown (K)
- The sweet pods are edible and nutritious, and have been a traditional source of food for indigenous peoples in Peru, Chile and California. Pods were once chewed during long journeys to stave off thirst. They can be eaten raw, boiled, dried and ground into flour to make bread, stored underground, or fermented to make a mildly alcoholic beverage. Prior to Spanish colonization, the Guaraní people of South America brewed a beer from mashed Carob pods and wild honey. (WP_
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosopis_juliflora
Gallinero / Pithecellobium dulce / Madras Thorn / Manila Tamarind (native?) (CG)
- beautiful tree, very nice looking for the land (CG)
- Pithecellobium dulce is a tree that reaches a height of about 10 to 15 m. Its trunk is spiny and up to nine meters in girth and its leaves are bipinnate. Each pinna has a single pair of ovate-oblong leaflets that are about 2 to 4 cm long. The flowers are greenish-white, fragrant, sessile and reach about 12 cm in length, though appear shorter due to coiling. The flowers produce a pod, which turns pink when ripe and opens to expose the seed arils; a pink or white, edible pulp. The pulp contains black shiny seeds that are circular and flat. Pollen is a polyad of many pollen grains stitched together. (WP)
- The seed is dispersed via birds that feed on the sweet pulp. The tree is drought resistant and can survive in dry lands from sea level to an elevation of 1,500 m, making it suitable for cultivation as a street tree. (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecellobium_dulce
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithecellobium_dulce

Gaque nativa / Clusia multiflora (JL)
- Beautiful tree, flowers, native, thick leaves, succulent-like
- Can grows on cliffs, hugs rocks very well
- Also good for road
- Medium size, 14 meters (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clusia_multiflora
- https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:427594-1
Guamo / Inga vera (latin name not 100% certain) (JL)
- Wonderful, creates shadow, may block view, attract butterflies and native bees (JL)
- Edible fruit (JL)
- 4-30 meters (IN)
- Three types: Guamo copero / macheto, guamo chinivo, santagerño (good for organic matter) (CG)
- Good to plant a variety of sizes, mix the ages / sizes, creates organic matter in the soil (CG)
- Inga vera is a species of tropical tree in the family Fabaceae. It occurs in Central and South America, where it is known as churimo, guamo churimo, guamo arroyero and guamo macho (WP)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/209925-Inga-vera
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_vera
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inga_vera
Guamo macho / Cupania americana (JL)
- Pioneer species that attracts a lot of butterflies, medium size, great around pond and near the house (JL)

Gualanday / Jacaranda mimosifolia (JL)
- Purple flowers, tall tree, can plant here, leaves on top and open lower down (JL)
- Can get tall and fragile in strong wind, can prune to grow out and make stronger (JL)
- 20 meter (EIA)
- Jacaranda mimosifolia is a sub-tropical tree native to south-central South America that has been widely planted elsewhere because of its attractive and long-lasting violet-colored flowers (WP)
- The tree grows to a height of up to 20 m. Its bark is thin and grey-brown, smooth when the tree is young but eventually becoming finely scaly. The twigs are slender and slightly zigzag; they are a light reddish-brown. (WP)
- Jacaranda is a genus of 49 species of flowering plants in the family Bignoniaceae, native to tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas. The generic name is also used as the common name (WP)
- FM: Can plant on road to house and around house, and also by the main pond (more sheltered which is good for this tree) (JL)
- https://catalogofloravalleaburra.eia.edu.co/species/108
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacaranda
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/77541-Jacaranda-mimosifolia
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacaranda_mimosifolia


Guásimo / Guazuma ulmifolia (JL)
- 20-30 meters (IN, WP), can be grown from cuttings or seeds. (WP)
- commonly known as West Indian elm or bay cedar, is a medium-sized tree normally found in pastures and disturbed forests. This flowering plant from the family Malvaceae grows up to 30m in height and 30–40cm in diameter. (WP)
- The species flowers throughout the year, in particular from April to October. Guazuma ulmifolia can be cultivated by either directly planting seeds or cuttings of the plant, as well as root stumps and bare-root seedlings. Before planting the seeds they need to be soaked in boiling water for 30 seconds; the water should be drained afterward. 7–14 days after fresh seeds are planted, germination occurs (60-80% rate). When they reach a height of 30–40cm which is usually about 15 weeks later they are then prepared for “outplanting.” When using root stumps as a means for propagation they are left to dwell in a nursery for some time until the diameter of the stem reached 1.5-2.5cm, which is usually about 5–8 months. (WP)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/154538-Guazuma-ulmifolia
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guazuma_ulmifolia
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guazuma_ulmifolia


Guayacán rosado / Tabebuia rosea (JL)
- Good (pink flowers) (JL)
- Tabebuia rosea, also called pink poui, and rosy trumpet tree is a neotropical tree that grows up to 30 m and can reach a diameter at breast height of up to 100 cm
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/209270-Tabebuia-rosea
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabebuia_rosea
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabebuia_rosea
Guayacán amarillo / (JL)
- 7-14 meters
- FM: Received from town March 2023. Not too close to the house, but around the house, 4-6 tres (JL)
- https://catalogofloravalleaburra.eia.edu.co/species/12
Hueso / ?? (JL)
- Have several around the house

Mamoncillo / Melicoccus bijugatus (JL)
- Edible fruits (JL)
- Native, can get from nurseries, plant from seeds (JL)
- 12-18 meters (IN), 25 meters (WP)
- When ripe, the fruits have a bittersweet, wine-like flavour and have mild laxative properties. They are extremely rich in iron and phosphorus (WP)
- Melicoccus bijugatus is a fruit-bearing tree in the soapberry family Sapindaceae, native or naturalized across the New World tropics including South and Central America, and parts of the Caribbean. Its stone-bearing fruits are edible. It is also called Bajan ackee, genip, guinep, genipe, ginepa, kenèp, quenepa, quenepe, quenette, chenet, skinup, talpa jocote, mamón, limoncillo, canepa, skinip, kenepa, kinnip, huaya, or mamoncillo (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melicoccus_bijugatus
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/165239-Melicoccus-bijugatus
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melicoccus_bijugatus


Mata ratón / Gliricidia sepium (JL) ***
- Native, have a lot (CG)
- Very good, grows fast, can grow from cuttings (JL)
- Can prune heavily (JL)
- 18 meters (EIA), 10-12 meters (WP)
- G. sepium trees are used for intercropping in part because they fix nitrogen in the soil and tolerate low soil fertility, so when they are interplanted with crops they can boost crop yields significantly, without the need of chemical fertilizers. (WP)
- G. sepium is a fast-growing ruderal species […]. Because it is easily propagated and grows quickly, it is also planted to prevent topsoil erosion in the initial stages of reforesting denuded areas, and as an intermediate step to be taken before introducing species that take longer to grow. (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliricidia_sepium
- https://catalogofloravalleaburra.eia.edu.co/species/229
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliricidia_sepium
Nauno / Albizia guachapele (JL) – native
- Large tree, grows slowly, (JL)
- Wonderful tree, native, excellent for reforestation (JL)
- Good for bees, cactus, creates good soil (JL)
- Good for sides of road, take out grass + mulch (JL)
- 25 meters
- Note: Cannot plant the seeds as normal. Need to cut a hole in the seed, at one end, and place in water overnight. Will absorb the water. Then plant. (JL)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/279351-Albizia-guachapele
- https://catalogofloravalleaburra.eia.edu.co/species/204
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albizia_guachapele
Oreopanax capitatus (JL)
- Native, very good, good to try (may be slightly difficult to grow here) (JL)
- 10 meters (EOL)
- Oreopanax capitatus is a species of tree in the family Araliaceae. They have a self-supporting growth form (EOL)
- https://eol.org/pages/1153725#:~:text=Oreopanax%20capitatus%20is%20a%20species,Minas%20Gerais%2C%20and%20Mata%20Atlântica.
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreopanax

Yarumo / Cecropia peltata (JL)
- Native species (JL)
- Fast growing, hardy, good in degraded areas, needs a lot of sun (JL)
- After planting, water for a few weeks in the dry season, after that don’t need watering (JL)
- Pioneer species, attracts birds and bats (JL)
- three species called yarumo, one is native which is Cecropia peltata (JL)
- Note: Plant far away from the house, has roots that damage the foundation (JL) ***
- Common names include trumpet tree, trumpet-bush, bacano and snakewood (WP)
- Cecropia peltata is a fast-growing tree, normally reaching 15 metres, but occasionally growing up to 25 metres tall. (WP)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/284772-Cecropia-peltata
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecropia_peltata
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecropia_peltata
Medium size
TREES BELOW 10 METERS

Anón / Annona squamosa / sugar-apple / sweet-sop
- Fruit tree, small tree or brush
- A black invasive fungus attacks it here, El Pino (JL) **
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona_squamosa
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona_squamosa
Carate / Vismia baccifera (JL)
- From cuttings, easy to grow, don’t need big holes, good for the road (JL)
- Small tree, 10 meter (EIA)
- Vismia baccifera is a tropical plant used by indigenous peoples in South America, in Colombian Amazon as well as Brazil, infused as traditional medicine. (WP)
- https://catalogofloravalleaburra.eia.edu.co/species/233
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismia_baccifera

Guanábana / Annona muricata / soursop
- Native, good for poor soil (JL)
- Edible fruit, small tree, 3-8 meters (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annona_muricata
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soursop
Guayaba cimarrón / Psidium guineense (JL)
- Native, good tree here, good for poor soil (JL)
- Can transplant them (JL)
- Psidium guineense is a species of guava. (WP)
- This plant can be a shrub 1 to 3 meters tall or a tree reaching 7 meters. (WP)
- The pulp of the fruit is said to have a tart, strawberry-like taste. It has also been described as bitter. Different varieties have different tastes, and some are sweet enough to eat as raw fruit. They make good fruit preserves. (WP)
- https://costarica.inaturalist.org/taxa/154537-Psidium-guineense
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psidium_guineense
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psidium_guineense
Palmas Nacumas o Anacumas o palmas de JipiJapa (CG)
- Should be close to water, they serve as shade and make organic matter in the soil (CG)
- (deben estar cerca del agua sirven para la sombra y hacer materia orgánica en el suelo) (CG)
- Carludovica palmata (Panama hat plant or toquilla palm) is a palm-like monocot plant. It is not a true palm. Its leaves are different from the leaves of true palms, and unlike true palms it does not develop a woody trunk. (WP)
- 1.5-2.5 meter (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carludovica_palmata (jipijapa)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carludovica_palmata
Pomarrosa / Syzygium jambos / rose apple (JL)
- From Asia, naturalized here, has been here for 500 years, acts like a native, does well in this ecosystem (JL)
- The fruit is eaten by animals and humans, can plant by pond (JL)
- Syzygium jambos is a species of rose apple originating in Southeast Asia and occurring widely elsewhere, having been introduced as an ornamental and fruit tree. (WP)
- Syzygium jambos is a large shrub or small-to-medium-sized tree, typically 3 to 15 metres high, with a tendency to low branching (WP)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syzygium_jambos
Plumeria / is Plumeria alba or very similar (JL)
- Beautiful, white flower is native, succulent-like (JL)
- Grow from cuttings (JL)
- Good for road, garden (JL)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/332822-Plumeria-alba
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumeria_alba
Senna spectabilis (JL)
- Tree, plant from seeds, yellow flowers, good for bees (JL)
- Senna spectabilis is a plant species of the legume family (Fabaceae) in the subfamily Caesalpinioideae native to South and Central America. (WP)
- Senna spectabilis is a shrub or deciduous tree that can grow anywhere from 4 to 5 meter in height and 4-5 meter in width. S. spectabilis have a rounded vase-shaped crown, which is dense and symmetrical. S. spectabilis is pollinated by bees and has a very fast growth rate. (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_spectabilis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senna_spectabilis
Tecoma stans / yellow elder (JL) – tree or shrub
- Native, good for hummingbirds, yellow flowers (JL)
- Tecoma stans is a species of flowering perennial shrub in the trumpet vine family, Bignoniaceae, that is native to the Americas. Common names include yellow trumpetbush, yellow bells, yellow elder, ginger Thomas (WP)
- Tecoma stans is a semi-evergreen shrub that can grow to a small tree 6 to 9 meters high. It features opposite odd-pinnate green leaves, with 3 to 13 serrate, 8- to 10-cm-long leaflets. The leaflets, glabrous on both sides, have a lanceolate blade 2–10 cm long and 1–4 cm wide, with a long acuminate apex and a wedge-shaped base. (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecoma_stans
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecoma_stans

Vachellia / Vachellia farnesiana (JL) **
- Thorn tree, very good (JL)
- White spines, have several small ones around the house (JL)
- Can grow from seeds, have high germination rate (JL)
- Vachellia is a genus of flowering plants in the legume family, Fabaceae, commonly known as thorn trees or acacias. (WP)
- The members of Vachellia are trees or shrubs, sometimes climbing, and are always armed. Younger plants, especially, are armed with spines which are modified stipules, situated near the leaf bases (WP)
- Vachellia farnesiana, also known as Acacia farnesiana, and previously Mimosa farnesiana, commonly known as sweet acacia, huisache, or needle bush, is a species of shrub or small tree in the legume family, Fabaceae. Its flowers are used in the perfume industry. (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_farnesiana
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vachellia_farnesiana
BUSHES & SHRUBS
Agraz silvestre / Vaccinium meridionale / wild blueberry (JL)
- Put fruit in water to get the seeds out (JL)
- Grows well with garbansillos (JL)
- Can find on Camino Tovares (sp?) and in El Caucho, and also at nurseries (JL)
- Vaccinium meridionale, agraz or Andean blueberry, is a species in the section Pyxothamnus of the genus Vaccinium, in the heath and heather family. It is found in the mountains of Ecuador, Colombia and Venezuela and may have been introduced to Jamaica (WP)
- It is a shrub which measures from 1.5 m to 7 m in height (WP)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaccinium_meridionale
Añil / Indigofera tinctoria (JL) – not native,
- From Peru, good here (JL)
- Purple flowers (if indigofera)
- Indigofera tinctoria, also called true indigo, is a species of plant from the bean family that was one of the original sources of indigo dye (WP)
- True indigo is a shrub 1–2 metres (3 ft 3 in – 6 ft 7 in) high. It may be an annual, biennial, or perennial, depending on the climate in which it is grown. It has light green pinnate leaves and sheafs of pink or violet flowers. (WP)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/164065-Indigofera-tinctoria
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigofera_tinctoria
Caesalpinia pulcherrima / peacock flower (JL)
- Native, beautiful
- Yellow and red flowers
- Caesalpinia pulcherrima is a species of flowering plant in the pea family Fabaceae, native to the tropics and subtropics of the Americas (WP)
- It is a shrub growing to 3 m tall. In climates with few to no frosts, this plant will grow larger and is semievergreen. (WP)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesalpinia_pulcherrima
Cayeno / Hibiscus siniensis (JL) – not native, perennial **
- Hibiscus, Asian
- VERY good for hummingbirds (JL)
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, known colloquially as Chinese hibiscus, China rose, Hawaiian hibiscus, rose mallow and shoeblack plant, is a species of tropical hibiscus, a flowering plant in the Hibisceae tribe of the family Malvaceae (WP)
- Hibiscus rosa-sinensis is a bushy, evergreen shrub or small tree growing 2.5–5 m tall and 1.5–3 m wide. The plant has a branched taproot. Its stem is aerial, erect, green, cylindrical, and branched. (WP)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/62876-Hibiscus-rosa-sinensis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibiscus_rosa-sinensis
Chispeador / Chaetolepis (CG) – need more info
- Wild native bush
- Native to Colombia (KEW) (also here?)
- https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:567327-1/general-information
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetolepis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetolepis
Chromolaena odorata (JL) **
- Native flower, grows aggressively
- Good for replacing grass, regenerating soil, and creating organic material (JL)
- Attracts butterflies, bees (JL)
- Good for the soil, grows in poor soil, (JL)
- A lot in the bioparque, plant from seeds or transplant small plants (JL)
- Can use instead of botón del oro (JL)
- Chromolaena odorata is a tropical and subtropical species of flowering shrub in the family Asteraceae. It is native to the Americas, from Florida and Texas in the United States south through Mexico and the Caribbean to South America (WP)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromolaena_odorata
Garbansillo / Duranta erecta (JL)
- Violet flowers, orange berries
- Duranta erecta is a species of flowering shrub in the verbena family Verbenaceae, native from Mexico to South America and the Caribbean (WP)
- Duranta erecta is a sprawling shrub or (infrequently) a small tree. It can grow to 6m tall and can spread to an equal width. Mature specimens possess axillary thorns, which are often absent on younger specimens. (WP)
- The leaves and unripened berries of the plant are toxic, and are confirmed to have killed dogs and cats. However, songbirds eat the fruit without ill effects (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duranta_erecta
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duranta_erecta
Kohleria hirsuta (JL) – native, perennial
- Beautiful, need water, likes a bit of shade (JL)
- GM: Plant by pond?
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/336057-Kohleria-hirsuta
Lantana (JL) – native, perennial
- The native version has purplish white flowers, not in nurseries (JL)
- Can find the red/orange from Central America in nurseries (JL)
- Grows from fruit/seeds (JL)
- Can pair with any tree (e.g. mango) (JL)
- Lantana is a genus of about 150 species of perennial flowering plants in the verbena family, Verbenaceae. They are native to tropical regions of the Americas (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana
VINES
Banisteriopsis muricata (JL)
- A vine / liane, grows up trees, will not kill the tree (JL)
- Banisteriopsis is a genus of flowering plants in the family Malpighiaceae. There are about 92 species. Most are native to Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. One well-known species is Banisteriopsis caapi, the source of ayahuasca.
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/291245-Banisteriopsis-muricata
- https://colplanta.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:29242-2
Passiflora / Passion flower (JL)
- A vine, requires good soil, fertilizing, wants to go up, climb trees to get to the sun (JL)
- Passiflora cuneata and passiflora coriacea grow wild here (JL) – may not be native?
- Several others are native to Colombia
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passiflora
Uña de gato / Uncaria tomentosa / Cat’s claw
- Pioneer species, very useful, creates a natural nursery for trees (JL)
- Uncaria tomentosa is a woody vine found in the tropical jungles of South and Central America. It is known as cat’s claw or uña de gato in Spanish because of its claw-shaped thorns. The plant root bark is used in herbalism for a variety of ailments, and is sold as a dietary supplement. (WP)
- Uncaria tomentosa is a liana deriving its name from hook-like thorns that resemble the claws of a cat. U. tomentosa can grow to a length of up to 30 m, climbing by means of these thorns. (WP)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncaria_tomentosa
SUCCULENTS
Aloe (JL) ***
- Can plant everywhere and include when plant trees (JL)
- Attracts water at night, maintains moisture (JL)
- Succulent
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aloe_vera
Fique / Furcraea andina (?) (JL) ***
- Hardy, can grow in almost any soil
- The roots are excellent for preventing erosion, good along the sides of the road
- Semi-succulent, native to Equador (KEW)
- Furcraea andina is a species of plant in the family Asparagaceae that is native to South America. The fibres in its leaves, known as fique, are used in making ropes. (WP)
- https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:106421-2
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furcraea_andina
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furcraea_andina
In general, good in arid areas and for erosion control
CACTUS
Cactus in general
- In general, the cactus with big spines are the native ones, and the others growing here are good too. (JL)
- Many native to chicamocha canyon (JL)
- Can plant from pieces (JL)
- Loosen soil below, plant, and pack the soil (JL)
Nopal / ?? (JL) **
- The one with large spines is native, use for most of the land (JL)
- The one with small spines is Mexican and can be used for food, plant near house (JL)
- Can include with any tree planting, 20-30cm away from the tree (JL)
- Opuntia ficus-indica, the Indian fig opuntia, fig opuntia, or prickly pear, is a species of cactus that has long been a domesticated crop plant grown in agricultural economies throughout arid and semiarid parts of the world (WP)
- Planted in hedges to provide a cheap but effective erosion control (WP)
- Plant with other plants, trees, yucca, platains etc. (Paul / Ale)
- Cut pieces and plant the pieces (Paul) (?)
- There are about 114 known species in Mexico (WP)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/64119-Opuntia-ficus-indica
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opuntia_ficus-indica
THORNY PLANTS
Thorny plants
- Attract water, gather moisture on the spines and brings it into the soil (JL)
Vachellia (the small around the house with white spines), veranera,
PERENNIAL FLOWERS
Achicoria / Cichorium intybus / Chicory (JL)
- A perennial flower, medicinal, grows here (JL)
- Common chicory (Cichorium intybus) is a somewhat woody, perennial herbaceous plant of the family Asteraceae, usually with bright blue flowers, rarely white or pink. Native to the Old World, it has been introduced to the Americas and Australia. Many varieties are cultivated for salad leaves, chicons (blanched buds), or roots (var. sativum), which are baked, ground, and used as a coffee substitute and food additive (WP)
- https://spain.inaturalist.org/taxa/52913-Cichorium-intybus
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichorium_intybus
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicory
Anthurium (JL)
- Anthurium can be propagated by seed or vegetatively by cuttings (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthurium
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthurium
Heliconias / Platanillo / Lobster-claw (JL) – perennial
- Are not native to here (JL)
- Require watering, best close to pond or house for that reason (JL)
- Good for hummingbirds (JL)
- Looks like a small palm
- Heliconia is a genus of flowering plants in the monotypic family Heliconiaceae. Most of the ca 194 known species are native to the tropical Americas (WP)
- 5-15 years
- FM: Planted by small pond (near road) and near house March 2023
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconia
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliconia
Veranera / Bougainvillea glabra / Flor de paper (JL) – [which one is native?]
- Thorns, good
- Bougainvillea is a genus of thorny ornamental vines, bushes, and trees belonging to the four o’ clock family, Nyctaginaceae. It is native to eastern South America, found from Brazil, west to Peru, and south to southern Argentina. Different authors accept from 4 to 22 species in the genus
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/159346-Bougainvillea-glabra
PERENNIAL HERBS
Jengibre / ginger (JL)
- Good, require watering, good for hummingbirds (JL)
- Ginger is a flowering plant whose rhizome, ginger root or ginger, is widely used as a spice and a folk medicine. It is a herbaceous perennial which grows annual pseudostems about one meter tall bearing narrow leaf blades (WP)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ginger
Tilo / Justicia pectoralis (JL) – perennial herb
- Beautiful purple flowers, good for hummingbirds (JL)
- Can plant next to trees (Paul)
- Justicia pectoralis is a sub-erect herb cultivated in Brazil and is popularly known as chambá, anador or trevo-cumaru. It is always green, perennial and sub-erect. (scielo)
- FM: Received from Paul March 2023, planted near several trees close to house
- https://www.scielo.br/j/rbfar/a/hxHjV7hr9xDtnvgtN84RCbc/?lang=en#:~:text=Justicia%20pectoralis%20var.,%2C%20perennial%20and%20sub-erect.
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/164320-Justicia-pectoralis
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicia_pectoralis
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justicia_pectoralis
ANNUAL FLOWERS
Amaranth (JL) – annual
- attracts insects, annual
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amaranth
Calendula / Calendula officinalis (JL) – not native, annual
- Calendula officinalis, the pot marigold, common marigold, ruddles, Mary’s gold or Scotch marigold, is a flowering plant in the daisy family Asteraceae. (WP)
- The flower petals of the calendula plant have been used for medicinal purposes since at least the 12th century. Calendula is native to Mediterranean countries but is now grown as an ornamental plant throughout the world (WP)
- Annual, 30-60cm
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendula_officinalis
Cameacrista / Chamaecrista hispidula (JL) – native, annual
- One is native, not in nurseries, attracts bees, grows in poor soil (JL)
- Chamaecrista hispidula – is that one or one very similar that’s native to here (JL)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/290094-Chamaecrista-hispidula
- Chamaecrista is a genus of flowering plants in the pea family, Fabaceae, subfamily Caesalpinioideae. Members of the genus are commonly known as sensitive pea. Several species are capable of rapid plant movement. Unlike the related genera Cassia and Senna, members of Chamaecrista form root nodules. (WP)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamaecrista
- Also…
- Chamaecrista nictitans is native to Colombia (IN). Chamaecrista nictitans, the sensitive cassia, sensitive partridge pea, small partridge pea or wild sensitive plant, is a herbaceous species of legume widely distributed through the temperate and tropical Americas. It is an annual plant capable of rapid plant movement—its leaflets fold together when touched (WP)
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/131568-Chamaecrista-nictitans
Cosmos / Cosmos bipinnatus (JL) ** annual
- Annual, plant the seeds, different types (JL)
- Attracts lots of insects (JL)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmos_bipinnatus
Lirios (CG)
- plantas de cosecha
- Flowers
- https://colombia.inaturalist.org/taxa/161124-Crinum-asiaticum
Mirtos (CG)
- Smells delicious
Sunflower (JL) – annual, mostly non-native
- Several are native, are in bioparque, the native are better for native bees (JL)
- Broad leaves, grow in degraded soil, grow easily from seeds
- Regular ones are also good (locals will call any plant native if it has grown here for a few generations)
Flowers to attract hummingbirds and butterflies to have close to home (CG):
- Platanillos (CG) **
- Cayeños (CG)
- Lirios (CG)
- Mirtos (CG)
Food plants
FOOD TREES
Avocado
Bananas – 18-24 months between produces fruit, 2m tall (JL)
Guanábana
Guayabos
Lemon tree
Mandarin tree
Mango
Orange tree
Papaya
Plantain
Moringa
Note: Ants like to eat the leaves of citrus trees. They didn’t co-evolve with these ants so they didn’t develop natural resistance to them. So it’s especially important to use a deep layer of mulch for citrus trees, and also manure and microbes. (JL)
SMALL FOOD TREES
Papaya (CG / JL) **
ROOT VEGETABLES
Bore / Malanga / Taro (CG)
Yucca
VEGETABLES
Lettuce – in shade
Tomatoes
Pumpkins – can grow anywhere (JL)
ROOT VEGETABLES
Bore / Malanga / Taro (CG)
Yucca
FOOD VINES
Passion fruit
FOOD SUCCULENTS
Aloe
HERBS
Basil
Ginger
Oregano
Rosemary
Yerba Buena / mint
GRAINS
Amaranth (JL)
- Attracts insects
Question: Nuts? Cinnamon? Strawberries?
Locations
EROSION CONTROL / ARID HILLSIDES
- Succulents – Agave, fique, aloe (JL)
- Cactus – native ones have big spines, nopal (JL)
- Trees – carate, mata ratón, yarumu (JL)
- All thorny plants good – vachellia (JL)
- Plant on contours (JL)
All these plants are hardy, do well on naked soil
GRASS
- One type of especially bad grass, grown for cows, is also native grass here (JL)
- When remove, immediately replace with something else (JL)
- Can replace with chromolaena odorata, native flower, grows aggressively, a good native flower (JL)
NEAR HOUSE
- Trees
- Carboneros (JL)
- Gualanday (JL) – gets tall and thin
- Guamo macho (JL) – good around house
- Guayacas (JL) – around house and road to house perfect, creates a layer below huesos
- Bushes
- Hibiscus (JL)
- Platanillo / Heliconia (JL) – need water
- Perennial flowers
- Justicia (JL) – near trees
- Annual flowers
- Cosmos
ROAD
- Carates (JL)
- Mata Ratón (JL)
POND
- Aro ** (JL) – plant a lot around the main pond and some near the small pond 1.5m apart, 12m tall
- Bucare (JL) – large, main pond
- Carbonero, 12m ** (JL) – by main pond
- Caracolí (JL) – large, main pond, easy to find
- Cordoncillo (JL) – by main pond
- Gualanday (JL)
- Gallinero, 10-15m (JL)
- Guamo macho (JL) – medium tree, great around pond and house
- Guayaca, (JL) – from town, 2-3
- Higueron (JL) – large tree, main pond
- Mamoncillo (JL) – some fruit trees by main pond
- Nacumos (JL) – by main pond
- Orejero (JL) – large tree, main pond
- Papyrus (JL) – native, by the shore and in the pond, provides habitat for frogs
- Platanillo / Heliconia (JL) – have a few to plant, Need water
- Flowers
- Anthurium (JL) – red native flower
- Fruit trees to feed the animals
- Guamos, 4-30m
- Mamoncillos, 12-18m
- Native agraz, wild blueberry
- Pomarrosa (JL) – rose apple
- To clean the pond
- Papyrus – native, to clean the water of toxins and excess nitrogen, can plant directly but better on a raft and remove (JL)
- Buchon – cleans very well, not native, listed as invasive, side plants, spreads (JL)
- General
- Collect seedlings from the land (JL)
- Want to increase diversity, protect the water (JL)
- Mostly leave the big pond alone, with a few additional plantings, it’s already doing well (JL)
- Plant food plants for key species (JL)
- Use native plants (JL)
- Only use native microbes near ponds (JL)
Around the pond- large trees to plant include Caracoli – anacardium excelsum, Higueron – I still haven’t found the species but there’s at least one growing near the water in Restaurante de las Piedras, Bucare – Erythrium poeppigiana also known as Anaco, Orejero – enterolobium cyclocarpum. All of these are native and attract an abundance of wildlife, and they are species that are more advanced.
Around the laguna I would also plant a diversity of native plants and trees, focusing on those that produce something for the water or a food source for a key species. But diversity is key, and native to this ecosystem. Replicate the plants you see in a zone around a natural spring. Carbonero, Cordoncillo, nacumos, agraz. You want more low and medium stratus species, or species that are okay with some shade. Planting anthuriums, cordoncillo, a lot of aro and some carbonero for protecting the water and building substrate, native papiros which provide an excellent ecosystem for frogs at the shore and even in the water, and some native fruit trees including mamoncillo
STONE FENCE
Passiflora / passion flower – a wine with beautiful flowers, have on land
Other
NON-NATIVE PLANTS
Acacia mangium (JL)
- Invasive after 20 years (JL)
- Use in arid area (JL)
- Not recommended, but can use if already have it
Note: Some especially useful non-native plants are included in the regular lists. This section is for less recommended non-native plants.
INVASIVE PLANTS
Botín de oro / Ranunculus acris / Meadow buttercup (CG) – invasive
- Invasive, good for organic material (JL) **
- Chromolaena odorata is a native alternative (JL) **
- The plant is native to Eurasia, but has been introduced across much of the world so that it now has a circumpolar distribution. It is a naturalized species and often a weed in parts of North America (WP)
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranunculus_acris
UNDER CONSIDERATION
Moringa / Moringa oleifera (Paul) – not native
- M. oleifera is a fast-growing, deciduous tree that can reach a height of 10–12 metres and trunk diameter of 45 centimetres (WP)
- Moringa oleifera is a fast-growing, drought-resistant tree of the family Moringaceae, native to the Indian subcontinent (WP)
- When the plant is grown from cuttings, the first harvest can take place 6–8 months after planting. Often, the fruits are not produced in the first year, and the yield is generally low during the first few years (WP)
- M. oleifera has numerous applications in cooking throughout its regional distribution. Edible parts of the plant include the whole leaves (leaflets, stalks and stems); the immature, green fruits or seed pods; the fragrant flowers; and the young seeds and roots (WP)
- https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moringa_oleifera
TREES BY CATEGORY
FLOWERING TREES
- Brasil / brazilwood / Paubrasilia echinata (JL)
- Gaque clusia (JL)
- Guamo / Inga edulis (?) (JL)
- Gualanday / Jacaranda (?) (JL)
- Guásimo / Guazuma ulmifolia (JL)
- Guayacán rosado (JL)
- Mamoncillo / Melicoccus bijugatus (?) (JL)
- Nauno / Albizia guachapele (?) (JL)
- Nauno (JL)
- Oreopanax capitatus (JL)
- Senna spectabilis (JL)
- Tecoma stans / yellow elder (?) (JL)
- Toche – the locals give that name to several types of trees with yellow flowers (JL)
- Yarumo (JL)
TREES WITH FRUIT
- Citrus – lemon, mandarin, oranges
- Ciruela / Spondias purpurea (?) (JL)
- Anón / sugar apple / Annona squamosa (CG)
- Guanábanos / soursop (CG)
- Gallinero / Pithecellobium dulce / Madras Thorn / Manila Tamarind (native?) (CG)
TREES FOR POLLINATORS (CG)
- Citrus – lemon / oranges / mandarins (CG)
- Pomaroso (CG)
NATIVE FOREST (CG)
- Guamo Copero / Guamo Macheto
- Guamo Chinivo
- Guamo Santafereño
- Vainillo / Inga eriocarpa
- Cují
- Caracolí
- Mata ratón